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cours/syntax, semantics, discourse 2.md

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S2 LOGOS
s/science/linguistique
  • compositionnality language meaning need to satisfy a constraint much more concrete than compositionnality, namely incrementality : NL input is processed word by word :

  • A The train...

  • B Ah-ha

  • A ...from Paris...

  • B Go on

  • reactions to an "abandonned utterance"

    • encourage to continue :
      • A John... Oh never mind
      • B What about john ?
      • A He's a lovely chap but a bit disconnected
    • complete the sentence :
      • A Bill is...
      • B Yeah, don't say it, we know.
    • abandoned utterance in mid-word :
      • context : A is in the kitchen searching for the always disappearing scissors
      • A Who took the sci-...
  • scope ambiguity : when there are more than one QNP (quantified noun phrase)

    • " every student has a supervisor
    • " a supervisor manages every student
  • intuitively, NPs refer to individuals or sets of individuals

    • c yet there are problems
    • " i saw no one
    • " Who lost her notebook
  • logique des predicats du premier ordre to the rescue ?

    • author:: Richard Montague
    • translation into logic :
      • \text{An } N \mapsto \exists x (N'(x) \wedge \dots)
      • \exists x P(x) iff there exists a witness b such that P(b) is true
      • Every / each \mapsto \forall x
      • \vdots
    • = A famous supervisor directs every student here.
      • there are two interpretations :
      • \exists x (\operatorname{fam-sup}'(x) \wedge \forall y (\operatorname{student}(y) \to \operatorname{Direct}(x, y)))
      • \forall y (\operatorname{student}(y) \to \exists x(\operatorname{fam-sup}'(x) \wedge \operatorname{Direct}(x, y))
    • = no player injured herself
      • \forall x (\operatorname{player}(x) \to \neg \operatorname{Injure}(x, x)
      • \neg \exists x (\operatorname{player}(x) \wedge \operatorname{Injure}(x, x))