diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/breadcrumbs/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/breadcrumbs/data.json index 2eb006db..4ebf930a 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/breadcrumbs/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/breadcrumbs/data.json @@ -1,105 +1,4 @@ { - "altLinkFields": [], - "CSVPaths": "", - "dateFormat": "YYYY-MM-DD", - "dataviewNoteField": "up", - "dateNoteAddMonth": "", - "dateNoteAddYear": "", - "enableAlphaSort": true, - "limitWriteBCCheckboxes": [ - "up", - "next", - "prev", - "author", - "source", - "same", - "opposes", - "same_source", - "wrote", - "", - "same_author", - "excerpt", - "includes", - "used_in", - "citation" - ], - "CHECKBOX_STATES_OVERWRITTEN": false, - "indexNotes": [], - "namingSystemField": "", - "namingSystemRegex": "", - "namingSystemSplit": ".", - "namingSystemEndsWithDelimiter": false, - "useAllMetadata": true, - "openMatrixOnLoad": true, - "openDuckOnLoad": false, - "openDownOnLoad": true, - "parseJugglLinksWithoutJuggl": false, - "showNameOrType": true, - "showRelationType": true, - "regexNoteField": "", - "rlLeaf": false, - "showAllPathsIfNoneToIndexNote": false, - "showAllAliases": true, - "showBCsInEditLPMode": true, - "showImpliedRelations": true, - "showTrail": false, - "showJuggl": false, - "sortByNameShowAlias": false, - "squareDirectionsOrder": [ - 0, - 1, - 2, - 3, - 4 - ], - "limitTrailCheckboxes": [ - "up", - "author", - "supports", - "opposes", - "source", - "" - ], - "limitJumpToFirstFields": [ - "up", - "sibling", - "down", - "next", - "prev", - "extercept", - "includes", - "supports", - "supported_by", - "refutes", - "refuted_by", - "opposes", - "source", - "wrote", - "author", - "", - "same_author", - "excerpt", - "citation" - ], - "showAll": "All", - "threadIntoNewPane": true, - "threadingDirTemplates": { - "up": "", - "same": "", - "down": "", - "next": "", - "prev": "" - }, - "trailSeperator": "→", - "treatCurrNodeAsImpliedSibling": false, - "showWriteAllBCsCmd": false, - "visGraph": "Force Directed Graph", - "visRelation": "Child", - "visClosed": "Closed", - "visAll": "No Unlinked", - "showUpInJuggl": false, - "gridHeatmap": true, - "heatmapColour": "#3b3b3b", "is_dirty": false, "edge_fields": [ { @@ -116,89 +15,37 @@ }, { "label": "prev" - }, - { - "label": "sibling" - }, - { - "label": "author" - }, - { - "label": "wrote" - }, - { - "label": "same_author" - }, - { - "label": "supports" - }, - { - "label": "supported_by" - }, - { - "label": "refuted_by" - }, - { - "label": "refutes" - }, - { - "label": "opposes" - }, - { - "label": "source" - }, - { - "label": "includes" - }, - { - "label": "citation" - }, - { - "label": "same_source" } ], "edge_field_groups": [ { "label": "ups", "fields": [ - "up", - "author", - "supports", - "opposes", - "source" + "up" ] }, { "label": "downs", "fields": [ - "down", - "wrote", - "supported_by", - "includes", - "citation" + "down" ] }, { "label": "sames", "fields": [ - "same", - "sibling", - "same_author", - "same_source" + "same" ] }, { "label": "nexts", "fields": [ - "next", - "refutes" + "next" ] }, { "label": "prevs", "fields": [ - "prev", - "refuted_by" + "prev" ] } ], @@ -258,295 +105,6 @@ ], "close_field": "next", "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "sibling", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "sibling" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "sibling" - }, - { - "field": "sibling" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "sibling" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "sibling" - }, - { - "field": "up" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "up" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "wrote", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "author" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "author", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "wrote" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "same_author", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same_author" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same_author" - }, - { - "field": "same_author" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "same_author" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same_author" - }, - { - "field": "author" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "author" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "supported_by", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "supports" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "supports", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "supported_by" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "refutes", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "refuted_by" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "refuted_by", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "refutes" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same" - }, - { - "field": "same" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "same" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same" - }, - { - "field": "opposes" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "opposes" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "includes", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "source" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "source", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "includes" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "close_field": "same_source", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same_source" - } - ], - "close_reversed": true - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same_source" - }, - { - "field": "same_source" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "same_source" - }, - { - "rounds": 1, - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "same_source" - }, - { - "field": "source" - } - ], - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "source" - }, - { - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "source" - }, - { - "field": "author" - } - ], - "rounds": 10, - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "author" - }, - { - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "next" - }, - { - "field": "up" - } - ], - "rounds": 10, - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "up" - }, - { - "name": "", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "prev" - }, - { - "field": "up" - } - ], - "rounds": 10, - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "up" - }, - { - "name": "Propagate authors ( [up, author] -> author)", - "chain": [ - { - "field": "up" - }, - { - "field": "author" - } - ], - "rounds": 10, - "close_reversed": false, - "close_field": "author" } ] }, @@ -562,10 +120,10 @@ "default_field": "up" }, "dendron_note": { - "enabled": true, + "enabled": false, + "delimiter": ".", "default_field": "up", - "delimiter": " . ", - "display_trimmed": true + "display_trimmed": false }, "johnny_decimal_note": { "enabled": false, @@ -573,10 +131,10 @@ "default_field": "up" }, "date_note": { - "enabled": true, + "enabled": false, "date_format": "yyyy-MM-dd", "default_field": "next", - "stretch_to_existing": true + "stretch_to_existing": false } }, "views": { @@ -586,13 +144,13 @@ "readable_line_width": false }, "trail": { - "enabled": true, + "enabled": false, "format": "grid", "selection": "all", - "default_depth": 3, + "default_depth": 999, "no_path_message": "", - "show_controls": false, - "merge_fields": true, + "show_controls": true, + "merge_fields": false, "field_group_labels": [ "ups" ], @@ -611,8 +169,7 @@ }, "field_group_labels": { "prev": [ - "prevs", - "sames" + "prevs" ], "next": [ "nexts" @@ -651,9 +208,10 @@ "collapse": false, "show_attributes": [], "merge_fields": false, + "lock_view": false, + "lock_path": "sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.md", "field_group_labels": [ - "downs", - "sames" + "downs" ], "edge_sort_id": { "field": "basename", @@ -663,9 +221,7 @@ "ext": false, "folder": false, "alias": false - }, - "lock_view": false, - "lock_path": "sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.md" + } } }, "codeblocks": { @@ -680,32 +236,24 @@ "rebuild_graph": { "notify": true, "trigger": { - "note_save": true, + "note_save": false, "layout_change": false } }, "list_index": { "default_options": { - "fields": [ - "down", - "wrote", - "supported_by", - "includes", - "citation" - ], - "indent": " ", + "fields": [], + "indent": "\\t", "link_kind": "wiki", "show_attributes": [], - "field_group_labels": [ - "downs" - ], + "field_group_labels": [], "edge_sort_id": { "order": 1, "field": "basename" }, "show_node_options": { "ext": false, - "alias": false, + "alias": true, "folder": false } } @@ -713,24 +261,21 @@ "freeze_implied_edges": { "default_options": { "destination": "frontmatter", - "included_fields": [ - "nexts", - "ups" - ], - "use_alias": false + "included_fields": [], + "use_alias": true } }, "thread": { "default_options": { "destination": "frontmatter", - "target_path_template": "{{field}} of {{current}}" + "target_path_template": "{{source.folder}}/{{attr.field}} {{source.basename}}" } } }, "suggestors": { "edge_field": { "enabled": false, - "trigger": "\\" + "trigger": "." } }, "debug": { diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-pandoc-reference-list/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-pandoc-reference-list/data.json index 13debdab..cb7bcf0b 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-pandoc-reference-list/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-pandoc-reference-list/data.json @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ { "id": 1, "name": "Ma bibliothèque", - "lastUpdate": 1774983831154 + "lastUpdate": 1775005438814 } ], "renderCitations": true, diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/pdf-plus/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/pdf-plus/data.json index 763b93ae..85486673 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/pdf-plus/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/pdf-plus/data.json @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ "singleMDLeafInSidebar": true, "alwaysUseSidebar": true, "ignoreExistingMarkdownTabIn": [], - "defaultColorPaletteActionIndex": 1, + "defaultColorPaletteActionIndex": 3, "syncColorPaletteAction": true, "syncDefaultColorPaletteAction": false, "proxyMDProperty": "pdf", diff --git a/mesure positive d'une application.md b/mesure positive d'une application.md index 0a0c8fc4..37a00ec7 100644 --- a/mesure positive d'une application.md +++ b/mesure positive d'une application.md @@ -1,10 +1,13 @@ --- +up: + - "[[fonction mesurable]]" + - "[[espace mesurable]]" +tags: + - "#s/maths/algèbre" aliases: - mesure positive - mesure --- -up:: [[fonction mesurable]], [[espace mesurable]] -#s/maths/algèbre > [!definition] [[mesure positive d'une application]] > Soit $(E, \mathcal{A})$ un espace mesurable. diff --git a/paradoxe des carrés.md b/paradoxe des carrés.md index dbc5de40..08b0851e 100644 --- a/paradoxe des carrés.md +++ b/paradoxe des carrés.md @@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ author: - "[[Galileo Galilei|Galilée]]" --- +Paradoxe sur l'idée d'infini : +On peut associer un-à-un les nombres entiers et les nombres carrés (on dirait aujourd'hui que $x \mapsto x^{2}$ est une bijection sur $\mathbb{N}$). Cela semble suggérer que l'ensmble des entiers et l'ensemble des carrés contiennent autant de nombres. +Pourtant, si l'on regarde n'importe quel intervalle, on verra que les carrés sont moins nombreux, et qu'aucune correspondance un-à-un ne peut être établie (autrement dit, $x \mapsto x^{2}$ n'est pas une bijection sur les intervalles du type $[\![0; n]\!]$). +Cela amène Galilée à affirmer que les qualifications comme "plus grand que" ou "plus petit que" n'ont pas de sens pour l'infini, et que l'infini ne saurait être un nombre comme les autres. > [!PDF|yellow] [[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Brancato) Cantor Leibniz Spinoza.pdf#page=3&selection=34,3,80,48&color=yellow|(Brancato) Cantor Leibniz Spinoza, p.3]] > Starting from Galileo Galilei, mathematicians and philosophers debated on whether or not it was possible to conceive a number capable of expressing infinity and, if that was the case, which properties such number would have. Galilei concluded that this concept would inevitably lead to a contradiction, because admitting the possibility of an infinity expressed in numerical form means also admitting that infinity is somehow homogeneous to finite numbers, sharing then with them properties like « being greater than », « being equal to » and « being less than » something else. Intuitively, such properties do not seem to apply very well to the notion of infinity, because for instance the series of natural numbers and the series of their squares, if analysed in the same way of finite sets, don’t seem to contain as many elements in the same interval, while at the same time they are both supposed to represent infinite sets, meaning that in infinity they should instead be equal. More precisely, it seems that in the same interval a one-to-one correspondence between the two sets cannot be established. Similar reflections lead Galilei to a position that will be very influential in the early modern period: pertaining infinity, qualifications such as less or greater have no place, meaning that an infinite number homogeneous to its finite numerical counterparts would represent a contradictory concept. diff --git a/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.md b/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a2b38f82 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +up: + - "[[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer|Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer]]" +tags: + - s/philosophie/spinoza +aliases: +pdf: "[[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.pdf|(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12]]" +author: + - "[[Martial Gueroult]]" +--- diff --git a/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.md b/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.md index 2fc37c58..266eed20 100644 --- a/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.md +++ b/sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/Spinoza lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.md @@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ author: - "[[Baruch de Spinoza|Spinoza]]" year: 1663 --- +Souvent appelée (y compris par Spinoza et ses amis) "Lettre sur l'infini" + # Distinctions sur les différentes notions d'infini @@ -54,6 +56,25 @@ year: 1663 > [!PDF|yellow] Résumé [[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Spinoza) Lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer.pdf#page=7&selection=14,0,24,44&color=yellow|(Spinoza) Lettre 12 à Lodewijk Meyer]] > De tout ce qui a été dit, il apparaît désormais clairement que certaines choses sont infinies par leur nature, et qu’elles ne peuvent en aucun cas être conçues comme finies. Certaines le sont par la force de la cause en laquelle elles sont, mais elles peuvent cependant, quand on les conçoit abstraitement, être divisées en parties et considérées comme finies. Certaines enfin sont dites infinies, ou si cela te gêne, indéfinies, parce qu’elles ne peuvent correspondre à aucun nombre, bien qu’elles puissent se concevoir plus grandes ou plus petites (car du fait que des choses ne peuvent correspondre à aucun nombre, il ne s’ensuit pas qu’elles doivent nécessairement être égales, comme il est assez manifeste d’après l’exemple que j’ai pris et d’après beaucoup d’autres). +### Analyse de Gueroult + - source:: [[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12|(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12]] + +> [!PDF|yellow] [[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.pdf#page=3&selection=56,0,62,13&color=yellow|(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12]] +> Premier couple : +> - La chose infinie par son essence ou par la vertu de sa définition. +> - La chose sans limites, non par la vertu de son essence, mais par celle de sa cause. + +> [!PDF|yellow] [[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.pdf#page=3&selection=64,0,68,60&color=yellow|(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12]] +> Deuxième couple : +> - La chose infinie en tant que sans limites. +> - La chose infinie en tant que ses parties, quoique comprises entre un maximum et un minimum connus de nous, ne peuvent être exprimées par aucun nombre + +> [!PDF|yellow] [[sources/0 - cours/LOGOS S2/le savoir en mathématiques/(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12.pdf#page=4&selection=6,0,14,9&color=yellow|(Gueroult) Spinoza Lettre 12]] +> Troisième couple : +> - Les choses représentables par l'entendement seul et non par l'imagination. +> - Les choses représentables à la fois par l'imagination et par l'entendement. + + ## Figure des deux cercles